Reflective Essay for Non Pharmacological - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about theReflective Essay for Non Pharmacological Treatments. Answer: In my career I have come across many critical cases and have dealt with it efficiently. I have also served those people who were terminally ill and have tried my best to improve the quality of care in their last days. This essay is based on my experience with a lady, whom I have served during her last days. It is about Anne. Anne was a 37 years old vibrant lady and was leading her life happily, until she found that she was suffering from breast cancer. It illness was in the advanced stage and she came to know that she had only 6 months in hand. She had a child who was only 7 months old and was still breast feeding her. She had to undergo chemotherapies and radiations; as a result she had to stop breast feeding. Her whole life was shattered. I was her only care giver during her last days. I dedicated my full time to provide an undivided attention to Anne and after her scheduled time she had to go to a world of eternal piece. When a person suffers from an emotional turmoil when she him self understands her last days had come (Corr and Corr. 2012). It becomes very difficult for the patient as well as the patients family to come up with such a difficult situation. Cancer is a deadly disease which involves a lot of pain, anxiety, psychosocial problems. In this essay I have focused on the different phases that the person and his loved ones go during this stage. I will discuss how the changing patterns of the death affect the community of the individual. I discuss the modes of treatment that I have provided her to improve the quality of his life. I will critically mention about my role in their care, the probable interventions to deal with this condition. I have also thrown light on the effective communication strategies that has to be adopted in order to provide support to the patient, physically, mentally and spiritually (Phelps et al. 2012). In the latter part of the essay I have noted about the pharmacological and the non pharmacological treatments that I have prov ided to the patient in the case study. I have come across the changing patterns of the mortality world wide and have paid particular attention to the differences, which exists between the developed countries. In the last year of their life people often do not get help, many experience disconnected, distressing and confusing array of services. A good death provides people dignity, choice and support to the address the physical, personal and the spiritual needs. Most of the people want to spend their last hours in a home like settings (Zimmerman eta l. 2014). We need more public reforms about the limitations of the health care as the death comes nearer. We need to plan in a better way to ensure that we have proceeded according to the patient. For more people to die at home a community based support is required. There are some people who choose to stay within a healthcare setting during their death. It is our duty to try the best to fulfill their requirements and their desires. In the given case study Anne could spend her la st days at home looking after her 7 months old daughter. Had she been in the hospital, she wouldnt have got the mental and the spiritual support that she deserved during her last days. Women with breast cancer, faces a wide range of practical, medical and emotional challenges that affects their quality of life. They are faced with emotional distress, social functioning. Firstly the treatment of the metastatic breast cancer involves a lot of social concern. Firstly the physical burden followed by emotional distress, disturbances in the shape of the body (Teno et al. 20130. In this case we have already come across the facts that Anne had a small daughter. Therefore as a mother it is very difficult on her part to accept the fact that she had to leave her daughter forever very soon. The social constraints raised on disclosure of the cancer can also enhance the distress of the patient. As a person nears the end of his journey it is very difficult to know what to expect. Responsibilities of the caregivers may vary depending on where the person is getting the care. Regardless of every situation I have tried my best to provide the best possible care to the patient. I have ensured in every possible ways that the person dying is comfortable. In this case Anne who is a mother of a small child, was suffering from extreme mental trauma with the thought of leaving her daughter forever. It is the duty of the family members to assure him and provide mental support. In this case we assured Annie that her daughter will be alright even after her death. Few approaches that can be taken up are- Provision of the eggshell mattresses for making the beds comfortable, positioning of the person in the position in which he is convenient with, to make the breathing easier or to ease the pain. Speaking in a calm and polite voice and reminding the person of her good days (Hui et al. 2014). If the person is unresponsive we must say supportive or reassuring sentences, offering of small sips of fluid to maintain the hydration. Glycerin swabs or lip balms can be provided (Peters et al.2013). Massaging a persons body such that provides her with comfort and also increases the blood circulation. We would try to relive the pain by giving painkillers. This may require careful planning with the palliative team members (Heyland et al.2013). A person with cancer and the caregivers should be well aware of where to contact for help if adverse condition persists. I would like to discuss further on few points like Living will, health care attorney. A health care power attorny is a person, whom the p atients select to make health care decisions, if the person is unable to do. Living will is a document that accounts for the type of medical treatment that the terminally ill (Lewis. 2013). Therefore as a caregiver it is our duty to follow the advance directive in order to help the person die with peace and dignity. Organizing the practical matters in advance, lower the stress of care giving for the nurses. A list of people should be prepared that the person wants to meet at the time of care giving (Phelps et al. 2012). The persons who should be present at the time of death should be considered, for example few people prefer the presence of the spiritual leaders at the time of death (Maltoni et al. 2012). Although dying is part of the human journey but dying poorly is not. A meaningful dying is one when the patient is physically, psychologically, emotionally and is spiritually supported by her family and the caregivers (Balboni et al. 2013). According the Institute of Medicine a good death is one where the patient is free from all distress, and this condition can be achieved by following the above mentioned interventions. A good death evokes a feeling of relief in the family of the patient. A good death also poses a sense of relief and satisfaction in the minds of the care givers, that they have given their part of care to the patient, to make him feel better. As a nurse I have always followed this rules and ethics which have helped me to develop my skills as a nurse to deal with such sensitive situations. I do strongly believe that effective communication is one of the essential parts of the end of life care treatment that are provided to the patient. As the healthcare worker in the palliative care department, I need to have the skill of effective interpersonal communication that can help in the process of dealing with the complications encountered by the patient and their family. It is important for the nurses of palliative care to have the skills of both verbal and non-verbal form of communication that is an essential part of the treatment. In the case of Anne, she and her family were mentally devastated due to her terminally ill condition. With the help of the effective communication skills, it was possible for me to provide the mental support that is needed in the given case. With the help of the mental counseling that is achieved with the help of effective interpersonal communication, it is possible to provide full empathy to the patient. It is also important for the nurses to provide the correct information about the physical status of the patient. It is believed that the nurse and the healthcare workers need to use special communication strategy in order to deal with the complications that are associated with the patient care (van Eechoud et al. 2014). The effective communication is also an essential part that is needed to deal with the spiritual support to the patients during the time of terminally ill condition. In my case, I used to follow a certain strategy of communication that was filled with positive thoughts. This helped the patient to have full faith upon my strategy and she was able to share all her personal concerns. It is essential for the patient with terminal illness to have both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions that is needed to support their physical and mentally ill condition (Yamagishi et al.). With the development of the critical care and modern medicine, it is possible for the patient to provide with the best quality of treatment that is needed to deal with the major relevant complications. It is important to mention in the context that chemotherapy, which is the major form of treatment for cancer is generally associated with the high level of side-effects. This may include tremendous pain and feeling of nausea. Under those circumstances, it is common of the patient to suffer from the mental misbalance and may not wish to continue of the process of treatment. It is my duty as the nurse to convince the patient and encourage them to overcome the complications of the side-effects that are associated with the intensive treatment like the chemotherapy for cancer. I do strongly believe that in such a critical care condition, it is important for the nurses to provide the mental support care that is a significant part of the non-pharmacologic treatment provided to the patients. It has been seen in several occasions that with the help of psychological therapy like the placebo effect, it is possible to provide to provide the mental comfort to the patient. I have used this technique to maximum extent in case of Anne, which did help her to gain the temporary mental support that is needed in the given context. I have to receive the training for cognitive therapy that is needed to deal provide the mental and spiritual support to the patient in the forms of non-pharmacologic treatment methods for the terminally ill patients. I have faced ethical issues in the past while dealing with the patient of critical and terminal care. With the evolution of the medicine, it is possible to expand the lifespan of the individual. It is important for the medical practitioner to take effective decisions in regard to the type of treatment that is to be provided to the patient that can help them to survive for longer duration (Corbett 2015). It is important to mention in the context that even with the modern and developed treatment methods, it is never possible to fully cure the condition of the terminally ill patients. Nevertheless, it is important for the medical practitioner to ensure that best quality of treatment is being provided to the patients that can help them to survive for longer duration. It is my duty as the nurse of to ensure that the patient family can accept the facts relevant to deterioration of the medical condition of the terminally ill patients (Hui et al. 2014). In case of Anne, there was high level of expectation of the patient family as due to her young age. From the experience that I have gained with the case like Anne, helped in the development of my nursing career. With the help of the nursing experience, I firmly believe that the treatment culture that is provided within the healthcare system of terminally ill patient is an essential component that helps to provide the best quality of treatment. Dying is the ultimate part of our journey through life. A meaningful death is one when the patient is physically, emotionally, spiritually and mentally supported by his families and the care givers. This report critically discusses about the possible interventions to improve the quality of dying and let the patient die in peace and dignity. As a caregiver we should provide moral support to the terminally ill patient. The report also says that in some cases it is a community based effort to provide a proper care to the critical patients. We have discussed about the different communications strategies that would provide a positive outcome in the patients life as well as well as his loved one. A proper care on my part had also built a satisfaction in me. References Balboni, T.A., Balboni, M., Enzinger, A.C., Gallivan, K., Paulk, M.E., Wright, A., Steinhauser, K., VanderWeele, T.J. and Prigerson, H.G., 2013. Provision of spiritual support to patients with advanced cancer by religious communities and associations with medical care at the end of life.JAMA internal medicine,173(12), pp.1109-1117. Corbett, N., 2015. Being Mortal-Atul Gawande. Dalhousie Medical Journal, 42(1). Corr, C. and Corr, D., 2012.Death dying, life living. Nelson Education. Heyland, D.K., Barwich, D., Pichora, D., Dodek, P., Lamontagne, F., You, J.J., Tayler, C., Porterfield, P., Sinuff, T., Simon, J. and ACCEPT (Advance Care Planning Evaluation in Elderly Patients) Study Team, 2013. Failure to engage hospitalized elderly patients and their families in advance care planning.JAMA internal medicine,173(9), pp.778-787. Hui, D., Kim, S.H., Roquemore, J., Dev, R., Chisholm, G. and Bruera, E., 2014. Impact of timing and setting of palliative care referral on quality of end?of?life care in cancer patients.Cancer,120(11), pp.1743-1749. Hui, D., Nooruddin, Z., Didwaniya, N., Dev, R., De La Cruz, M., Kim, S.H., Kwon, J.H., Hutchins, R., Liem, C. and Bruera, E., 2014. Concepts and definitions for actively dying,end of life,terminally ill,terminal care, and transition of care: a systematic review. Journal of pain and symptom management 47(1), pp.77-89. Lewis, K., 2013. How nurses can help ease patient transitions to end of life care: Many issues combine to enable an individual to achieve a good death. Kellie Lewis discusses these factors as well as the barriers staff must overcome.Nursing older people,25(8), pp.22-26. Maltoni, M., Scarpi, E., Rosati, M., Derni, S., Fabbri, L., Martini, F., Amadori, D. and Nanni, O., 2012. Palliative sedation in end-of-life care and survival: a systematic review.Journal of Clinical Oncology,30(12), pp.1378-1383. Peters, L., Cant, R., Payne, S., OConnor, M., McDermott, F., Hood, K., Morphet, J. and Shimoinaba, K., 2013. How death anxiety impacts nurses caring for patients at the end of life: a review of literature.The open nursing journal,7, p.14. Phelps, A.C., Lauderdale, K.E., Alcorn, S., Dillinger, J., Balboni, M.T., Van Wert, M., VanderWeele, T.J. and Balboni, T.A., 2012. Addressing spirituality within the care of patients at the end of life: perspectives of patients with advanced cancer, oncologists, and oncology nurses.Journal of Clinical Oncology,30(20), pp.2538-2544. Raijmakers, N., Galushko, M., Domeisen, F., Beccaro, M., Lundh Hagelin, C., Lindqvist, O., Popa-Velea, O., Romotzky, V., Schuler, S., Ellershaw, J. and Ostgathe, on behalf of OPCARE9, C., 2012. Quality indicators for care of cancer patients in their last days of life: literature update and experts' evaluation.Journal of palliative medicine,15(3), pp.308-316. Teno, J.M., Gozalo, P.L., Bynum, J.P., Leland, N.E., Miller, S.C., Morden, N.E., Scupp, T., Goodman, D.C. and Mor, V., 2013. Change in end-of-life care for Medicare beneficiaries: site of death, place of care, and health care transitions in 2000, 2005, and 2009.Jama,309(5), pp.470-477. van Eechoud, I.J., Piers, R.D., Van Camp, S., Grypdonck, M., Van Den Noortgate, N.J., Deveugele, M., Verbeke, N.C. and Verhaeghe, S., 2014. Perspectives of family members on planning end-of-life care for terminally ill and frail older people. Journal of pain and symptom management, 47(5), pp.876-886. Yamagishi, A., Morita, T., Kawagoe, S., Shimizu, M., Ozawa, T., An, E., Kobayakawa, M., Tsuneto, S., Shima, Y. and Miyashita, M., 2015. Length of home hospice care, family-perceived timing of referrals, perceived quality of care, and quality of death and dying in terminally ill cancer patients who died at home. Supportive Care in Cancer, 23(2), pp.491-499. Zimmermann, C., Swami, N., Krzyzanowska, M., Hannon, B., Leighl, N., Oza, A., Moore, M., Rydall, A., Rodin, G., Tannock, I. and Donner, A., 2014. Early palliative care for patients with advanced cancer: a cluster-randomised controlled trial.The Lancet,383(9930), pp.1721-1730.

The Poetry Of A E Housman Essay Example For Students

The Poetry Of A E Housman Essay Housman was born in Burton-On-Trent, England, in 1865, just as the US Civil War was ending. As a young child, he was disturbed by the news of slaughter from the former British colonies, and was affected deeply. This turned him into a brooding, introverted teenager and a misanthropic, pessimistic adult. This outlook on life shows clearly in his poetry. Housman believed that people were generally evil, and that life conspired against mankind. This is evident not only in his poetry, but also in his short stories. For example, his story,  «The Child of Lancashire, » ublished in 1893 in The London Gazette, is about an child who travels to London, where his parents die, and he becomes a street urchin. There are veiled implications that the child is a homosexual (as was Housman, most probably), and he becomes mixed up with a gang of similar youths, attacking affluent pedestrians and stealing their watches and gold coins. Eventually he leaves the gang and becomes wealthy, but is attacked by the same gang (who don’t recognize him) and is thrown off London Bridge into the Thames, which is unfortunately frozen over, and is killed on the ard ice below. We will write a custom essay on The Poetry Of A E Housman specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Housman’s poetry is similarly pessimistic. In fully half the poems the speaker is dead. In others, he is about to die or wants to die, or his girlfriend is dead. Death is a really important stage of life to Housman; without death, Housman would probably not have been able to be a poet. (Housman, himself, died in 1937. ) A few of his poems show an uncharacteristic optimism and love of beauty, however. For example, in his poem  «Trees, » he begins Loveliest of trees, the cherry now Hung low with bloom along the bow Stands about the woodland side A virgin in white for Eastertide and ends Poems are made by fools like me But only God can make a tree. (This is a popular quotation, yet most people don’t know its source! ) Religion is another theme of Housman’s. Housman seems to have had trouble reconciling conventional Christianity with his homosexuality and his deep clinical depression. In  «Apologia pro Poemate Meo » he states In heaven-high musings and many Far off in the wayward night sky, I would think that the love I bear you Would make you unable to die Would God in his church in heaven Forgive us our sins of the day, That boy and man together Might join in the night and the way. I think that the sense of hopelessness and homosexual longing is unmistakable. However, these themes went entirely over the heads of the people of Housman’s day, in the early 1900s. The best known collection of Housman’s poetry is A Shropshire Lad, published in 1925, followed shortly by More Poems, 1927, and Even More Poems, 1928. Unsurprisingly, most collections have the same sense and style. They could easily be one collection, in terms of stylistic content. All show a sense of the fragility of life, the perversity of existence, and a thinly veiled homosexual longing, in spite of the fact that many of the poems apparently (but subliminally? ) speak of young women. It is clear from these works that women were only a metaphor for love, which in Housman’s case usually did not include the female half of society. More Poems contains perhaps the best statement of Housman’s philosophy of life, a long, untitled poem (no. LXIX) with oblique references to the town of his birth, Burton-on-Trent, and statements like And while the sun and moon endure Luck’s a chance, but trouble’s sure†¦ Indeed, how much more pessimistic can one be? Not only a poet and storyteller, Housman was a noted classical scholar. He is known for his extensive translations of the Greek classics, especially Greek plays by Euripides and Sophocles. Unfortunately, the bulk of his manuscripts were lost in a disastrous fire in his office at Oxford, which was caused by a lit cigar falling into a stack of papers. .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb , .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb .postImageUrl , .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb , .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb:hover , .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb:visited , .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb:active { border:0!important; } .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb:active , .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6610d99df43e58b4aa2593d0e12f01eb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How Is Eric Presented In An Inspector Calls EssayThere were rumors that Housman was hidden in a closet with a young boy at he time, and therefore did not see the fire in his own office until it was too late to extinguish it. The Trustees of the college, however, managed to squelch the rumors, and Housman’s academic tenure was not threatened by the incident. Now only a few gems of his poetic translation remain. One of the finest is from Sophocles’ Alcestis, which begins Of strong things I find not any That is as the strength of Fate†¦ Indeed, a comment on Housman’s sense of fatalism. Housman is considered a minor poet, primarily because of his use of rhyme nd meter, and frequent and effective use of imagery and symbolism. (It is generally accepted that major twentieth-century poetry must inevitably go beyond the strictures of late-nineteenth century styles, so any poet using such styles can only be classed as minor. ) Nonetheless, I like him. I can forgive his sexual orientation, especially since my own father and brother share it (and sometimes I wonder about myself! ) His wonderful poetry and other writings stand apart, by themselves, in their unique and special splendor.

The Ripken Way Essays - Cal Ripken Jr., Cal Ripken Sr., Billy Ripken

The Ripken Way Essays - Cal Ripken Jr., Cal Ripken Sr., Billy Ripken The Ripken Way The first book I read this summer was a non-fiction piece written by Cal Ripken Sr., called the Ripken Way. There are many ways in which mr. Ripken posseses qualitites that are very human: he was a normal person, just like anybody else, not just an extraordinary baseball player and manager; he was married to a wife and had four children. He was a hard worker, and through out the book he has an emphasis on working hard in life in order to be successful, and lastly, he was a very unique person, in many ways. First, when most people think of Cal Ripken, they think of one of the all time great baseball players, and he was that. But, he was also just an ordinary person, with a normal life. Like most other people, he was married to a wife, and also had four children. He was just not a ball player, he was a dedicated husband and father that did the best he could to raise his kids and teach them the correct way to do things, and teach them the lessons in life. He was a busy man, because of his baseball carear, he had lots of time taken away from his family as both a baseball player and as a manager. He took advantage of any time he got to spend time with his children. An example of this was when he was managing, and ran baseball clinics. He decided to take the difficult task of not only attending these baseball clinics, but also taking his children so he could be with them. As busy as he was, he took time out of his extremely busy life to get quality time with his family, this took much sacrif ice, but it's a human traight, like any other man, not matter what he may be doing. Secondly, in the book, Cal explains how he brought up his children and enstilled the correct values inisde them in order to be successful (as well as instructing baseball players on how to improve their game while simaltaniously teaching life lessons that apply both on and off the baseball field). An example is his son, Cal Ripken jr., whom was brought up around the sport of baseball, and that was a huge advantage, but, he wasn't always the biggest athlete on the team. As a matter of fact, when he was a young high school student, he had a poor batting average, a weak arm, lacked in some basic skills, and wasn't too tall either. But, as he was raised by his father, he learned propper and neccessary life values in order to suceed in whatever he does. If his father taught him one thing, it would be to work hard and work at whatever your weak at over and over again (correctly; the right way). Cal had worked hard, the skills he lacked, he drilled correctly and repeatidly until he had got the skills he needed. He worked out more, and bulked up, and, if he had any questions, he asked them and got all of his problems straightened out if anything had confused him. Eventually when he was a senior, he had the best batting average on the team, was one of the biggest players, and had developed all the skills he had needed from all of the hard work. Lastly, Cal was a unique person, in many ways. He was a loving father and husband, and also a tough person, who makes mistakes sometimes, like everybody else. He has done things that many other men would never do. Some things he has done weren't the smartest things to do, but he felt was the right thing to do. One example that can describe this is how he reacts to getting hit by a baseball. Everybody knows (whether you're a player or not) that when you're batting, and a high speed fast ball is pitched at you, and hits you, it hurts. Cal, however, has a different view; even though he has been hit and has admitted it's painful, he was just stick to his opinion, that the ball only weighs five-and-a-quater onces, how much can it hurt? Another display of

What You Should Know About Nigeria

What You Should Know About Nigeria Population: 152,217,341 (July 2010 estimate)Capital: AbujaBordering Countries: Benin, Cameroon, Chad, NigerLand Area: 356,667 square miles (923,768 sq km)Coastline: 530 miles (853 km)Highest Point: Chappal Waddi at 7,936 feet (2,419 m)Nigeria is a country located in West Africa along the Atlantic Oceans Gulf of Guinea. Its land borders are with Benin to the west, Cameroon, and Chad to the east and Niger to the north. Nigerias main ethnic groups are Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. It is the most populous country in Africa and its economy is considered one of the fastest growing in the world. Nigeria is known for being the regional center of West Africa. History of Nigeria Nigeria has a long history that dates back as far as 9000 B.C.E. as shown in archaeological records. The earliest cities in Nigeria were the northern cities of Kano and Katsina that started around 1000 C.E. Around 1400, the Yoruba kingdom of Oyo was founded in the southwest and reach its height from the 17th to the 19th century. Around this same time, European traders began establishing ports for the slave trade to the Americas. In the 19th century, this changed to the trading of goods like palm oil and timber. In 1885, the British claimed a sphere of influence over Nigeria and in 1886, the Royal Niger Company was established. In 1900, the area became controlled by the British government and in 1914 it became the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Throughout the mid-1900s and especially after World War II, the people of Nigeria began pushing for independence. In October 1960, it came when it was established as a federation of three regions with a parliamentary government. In 1963 however, Nigeria proclaimed itself a federal republic and drafted a new constitution. Throughout the 1960s, Nigerias government was unstable as it underwent several governmental overthrows; its prime minister was assassinated and was engaged in a civil war. Following the civil war, Nigeria focused on economic development and in 1977, after several more years of government instability, the country drafted a new constitution. Political corruption remained throughout the late 1970s and into the 1980s though and 1983, the Second Republic government as it came to be known was overthrown. In 1989, the Third Republic began and in the early 1990s, government corruption remained and there were several attempts to again overthrown the government. Finally, in 1995, Nigeria began to transition into a civilian rule. In 1999 a new constitution and in May of that same year, Nigeria became a democratic nation after years of political instability and military rule. Olusegun Obasanjo was the first president during this time and he worked to improve Nigerias infrastructure, the governments relationship with its people and its economy. In 2007, Obasanjo stepped down as president. Umaru YarAdua then became the president of Nigeria and he vowed to reform the countrys elections, fight its crime problems and continue working on economic growth. On May 5, 2010, YarAdua died and Goodluck Jonathan became the president of Nigeria on May 6. Government of Nigeria Nigerias government is considered a federal republic and it has a legal system based on English common law, Islamic law (in its northern states) and traditional laws. Nigerias executive branch is made up of a chief of state and a head of government- both of which are filled by the president. It also has a bicameral National Assembly consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Nigerias judicial branch is made up of the Supreme Court and the Federal Court of Appeal. Nigeria is divided into 36 states and one territory for local administration. Economics and Land Use in Nigeria Although Nigeria has long had problems of political corruption and a lack of infrastructure it is rich in natural resources like oil and recently its economy has begun to grow into one of the fastest in the world. However, oil alone provides 95% of its foreign exchange earnings. Nigerias other industries include coal, tin, columbite, rubber products, wood, hides and skins, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food products, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, printing, ceramics, and steel. Nigerias agricultural products are cocoa, peanuts, cotton, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava, yams, rubber, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, timber, and fish. Geography and Climate of Nigeria Nigeria is a large country that has a varied topography. It is about twice the size of the U.S. state of California and is located between Benin and Cameroon. In the south, it has lowlands that climb into hills and plateaus in the central part of the country. In the southeast, there are mountains while the north consists mainly of plains. Nigerias climate also varies but the center and the south are tropical due to their locations near the equator, while the north is arid. More Facts about Nigeria Life expectancy in Nigeria is 47 years of ageEnglish is Nigerias official language but Hausa, Igbo Yoruba, Fulani, and Kanuri are others that are spoken in the countryLagos, Kano, and Ibadan are the largest cities in Nigeria References Central Intelligence Agency. (1 June 2010). CIA - The World Factbook - Nigeria. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html Infoplease.com. (n.d.). Nigeria: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0107847.htmlUnited States Department of State. (12 May 2010). Nigeria. Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2836.htmWikipedia.com. (30 June 2010). Nigeria - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria

Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Proposal - Essay Example Return venture projects or business organizations like most in Saudi Arabia as well faces a variety of risk and risk related phenomena like credit risks, Economic risks, financial risks, for big venture who deal in trades abroad also face exchange rates risks (Chong, 2004:246). Just by the mere fact that risks exist and are faced by every individual unit in the society in itself posses a threat to the existence of man. This is because man is always uncertain about the likelihood of success out of an involvement before actually it occurs successfully. According to, (Adams, 1995), a risk is the likelihood of a loss incase a hazard takes place. Such fears is what propels us to look at risk in the general perspective, its nature, kinds of risks, how to handle them or even ways in which we can try to do away with such risks so that man lives in if not completely risk free because this is not possible then at least at reduced levels of risk. In this study we are headed towards studying of risks as per the risks faced by business organizations in general, also its going to involve the study of the vast impacts of such risks and how to try minimizing the risks for the benefits of the businesses operations in terms of returns and reduced costs of operating such businesses. Risk management in this case is to be looked at through identification of the risks, looking for ways of assessing the risks in order to determine their intensity and then decision making on which ones the organization can do with and which are to must avoid so that the organization is able to maximize its chances or opportunities of maximizing business (Adams, 1995) 2.0 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY Generally out of the study on risk management the researcher intends to find out on several aspects about risk and risk management. The study is geared towards finding out on:- a. What a risk is. b. What forms or type of risks that faces business organizations in general? c. What effects or impacts do these risk s have on the organizations and to what intensity do they impact on the businesses? d. How can the risks be mitigated or reduced in real practice? The study of all the above aspects of risk entails the assessment and categorization and risk components hence risk management as an area under investigation (Adams, 1995) 3.0 RESEARCH PROBLEM STATEMENT As stated clearly under the background of the study and clarified further under the research objectives it is very safe now to state that the major problem under investigation is to find out more about the policy on risk, the policies and tools of risk management. Therefore, the driving factor is risk and its uncertainty in business management. The researcher is obliged to find out through this research the difficulties as a result of risk and how such challenges can be done away with under the broad topic of risk management (Mugenda, 2005:89). 4.0 LITERATURE REVIEW This section of the proposal on risk management is to look in the various articles that address the evolution of risk through since man started thinking about the existence of risk to date. It is also going to help us to identify fertile grounds for further active research on risk and risk management. 4.1 Definition of risks According to (Abkowitz, 2008), †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Risk is the likelihood of a loss occurring through the occurrence of an hazard that can be analyzed and measured into quantities’’.....he goes ahead to explain that its because of risks that men

Corporate social responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Corporate social responsibility - Essay Example These acts are not requirements either by law or by any other stipulated framework but are still carried out by business corporations under their CSR platforms (McWilliams, Siegel, & Wright, 2006). The business need for such activities may not be clear at first but considering that CSR activities are used as PR stunts by various business corporations, some business value can be derived from CSR. The contention behind CSR is for large corporations to project a soft image of a corporation that cares for the environment and the society. This allows corporations to achieve better sales and integrate better with the consumers. The inclusion of business interests in CSR activities have the direct consequence of inflated CSR initiatives being used for marketing consorts. Research demonstrates that corporations have an overwhelming tendency to report the positive aspects of their CSR activities alone (Bebbington, Brown, Frame, & Thomson, 2007) (Dey, 2003) (Dey, 2007) (Ruffing, 2007). This te nds to bias the reporting situation since corporations are inclined to report the better parts of their corporate behaviour alone. The need was felt to bring to light information covered up by organisations at various levels (Dey, 2007). Silent and shadow accounting was evolved to deal with such a situation where the corporate behaviour of corporations was double checked through independent research. The silent account lists out the corporation’s projections on its CSR while the shadow account lists out an independent finding on the CSR of the concerned business corporation. The current paper will list out findings of the silent and shadow accounts for Procter and Gamble, which represents a top Fortune 500 business corporation. The silent and shadow account for Procter and Gamble will be used to determine the dynamic validity of the state of CSR in practice by Procter and Gamble. Corporate Social Responsibility Silent Account Shadow Account Sustainability Reporting Style P&G lists that it reports CSR initiatives and their results based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) directives. More specifically, P&G utilises the G3Guidelines for reporting under GRI (P&G, 2012). A number of different CSR initiatives and their results – broadly categorised under Products, Operations and Social Responsibility, are available in the CSR report on the P&G website. The availability of quantitative information such as emissions reductions levels, packaging reusability amounts etc. tend to add more credibility to P&G’s portfolio for CSR. The transparency of P&G’s claims for social responsibility requires that the data compiled by P&G be verified independently. The CSR report uploaded at the P&G website contains a number of different claims with regards to environmental and social impacts of CSR activities but fails to report data for verification. Essentially, P&G’s CSR report is referenced under the GRI and is indexed accordingly but does not declare the level of reporting (Cohen, 2011). In addition, the CSR report provides a cue to the website to evaluate how GRI is implemented (P&G, 2013, p. 2) but the website provides no insight into how data is compiled and evaluated by P&G. No third party audit of the data is available to verify or substantiate the claims accordingly. Product Safety and Innovation One of the three key pillars for P&G’s sustainability framework is its products (P&G, 2012). The contention at P&G’

Plato, The Republic of Plato Essay Example for Free

Plato, The Republic of Plato Essay I thought that Plato’s The Republic was very ambitious in its goals and for the most part, it made a lot of excellent observations about the dynamic of human nature. It is nearly amazing that Plato found things in the ancient times that were not only true in the context of his life, but true for human beings in every period of time. He hit upon the key, core values that each and every person cannot get away from, no matter what their role or place in society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first thing that I found interesting was Plato’s breakdown of society. Though many other parts of his work are transcendent across many different generations, this was one part that only applies to his time frame, or so it would seem. It is fitting that he overplays the role of the warrior in society, since that is what was important during his time. Because of this, his entire dynamic is thrown out of whack in context of how it might be viewed today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He did nail some important points in regards to the human spirit itself, though. By breaking it down into three categories, he made what should have been a difficult idea into one that was very easy to understand. In particular, I found it interesting how Plato addressed money as a motivator. I think that too many authors get caught up in the idea that money is at the root of a lot of actions. Plato, even back then, had it right that money is simply wanted as a means to an end. Most people who seek money do not do so just to have it. Instead, they want it so that they an satisfy the other primal desires that they cannot seem to shake. Plato is also correct that the rational part of a person must be the controlling factor if a person is going to be just. All too often, a person motivated by things or by emotions makes bad decisions and causes pain for others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is interesting to see who Plato praises in his republic and who he puts down. Predictably, he likes to laud the philosophers for their work for the greater good. Plato does not seem to spare any sort of self adulation in this respect. He believes that what he and his fellow philosophers are doing is right. I cannot fault him for this, though. If he did not think it was just, he should stop living his life this way. It was interesting, however, that he chose poets as the one group of people to completely put down in the book. After thinking about it, this is not all that surprising. Poets like to hit on exactly the opposite of what philosophers spend their life championing. They play to the emotional side of people, while the rational side is the most just. In a way, this is a commentary on what Plato finds important in his society. He does not want a bunch of indulgent creatures running around and he does not have any patience for people who go out promoting that type of badness. Instead, he is looking for a republic where people let their rational thoughts guide them to where they need to be. He recognizes emotion as a part of the human dynamic, but does not glorify its position like poets do. That was the most telling part of the entire book.